Current Affairs: 15 October 2025 for Indian Government Job Exams

1. India elected for the 7th time to the UN Human Rights Council for 2026-28 term.

Elaboration: India was elected unopposed to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) for a three-year term starting in 2026, marking its seventh election to the council. India's Permanent Representative at the UN, P. Harish, announced the election, highlighting India's commitment to human rights and its intention to act as a "bridge-builder" within the council.

Background Story:

India's repeated election to the UNHRC reflects its consistent engagement with global human rights forums and international recognition of its diplomatic standing. The country often invokes its principle of 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' ('the world is one family') in its foreign policy, aligning with the UNHRC's goals of promoting human rights and dialogue. This election is particularly significant amidst current geopolitical complexities, enhancing India's potential role in bridging divides within the council.

Relevant Background Facts:

What is the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)?
  • Establishment: Created on 15 March 2006 by UN General Assembly resolution 60/251, replacing the former UN Commission on Human Rights.
  • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Structure and Membership: Composed of 47 members elected by the UN General Assembly for staggered three-year terms, with no member serving more than two consecutive terms. Seats are allocated based on regional groups.
  • Role and Functions: Promotes and protects human rights globally, investigating abuses and addressing thematic issues. Works with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
  • Controversies: Has faced criticism regarding the human rights records of some members and accusations of anti-Israel bias.
Who is P. Harish?
  • Role: India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations.

2. Ministry of Mines classifies Limestone as a Major Mineral.

Elaboration: The Ministry of Mines classified limestone as a major mineral through a gazette notification, irrespective of its final use. An order was also issued to manage the transition for existing minor mineral leaseholders. This reclassification, based on recommendations from an Inter-Ministerial Committee, aims to improve the ease of doing business and ensure greater availability of limestone for industries.

Background Story:

Previously, limestone classification in India depended on whether it was used for building materials (minor mineral) or industrial purposes (major mineral). This led to regulatory challenges. With reduced demand for traditional lime and increased industrial use, a uniform classification was needed. The change streamlines regulation, supports key industries, and promotes economic growth and employment.

Relevant Background Facts:

What is the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act)?
  • Enactment: 1957.
  • Purpose: Regulates the mining sector and defines major and minor minerals, with the Central Government regulating major minerals and State Governments regulating minor minerals.
  • Recent Amendments:
    • 2015: Introduced auction-based allocation, established the District Mineral Foundation (DMF), and created the National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET).
    • 2023: The Amendment Bill focused on boosting critical mineral exploration and attracting private investment through competitive bidding.
What is Limestone?
  • Composition: A sedimentary rock mainly composed of calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$).
  • Uses: Widely used in construction, glass manufacturing, agriculture, and various industries.
  • Importance of Reclassification: Simplifies supply chains, encourages investment, and supports critical sectors like cement manufacturing.

3. Insights into Gaganyaan's Crew Escape System (CES).

Elaboration: ISRO detailed the Crew Escape System (CES) for the Gaganyaan mission, a critical safety feature designed to eject the crew module during an emergency to ensure astronaut survival. The system has undergone rigorous testing, including a successful test in October 2023.

Background Story:

Gaganyaan is India's first human spaceflight mission. Crew safety is paramount for this mission. The CES is vital for ensuring astronaut safety throughout all mission phases. The CES, located atop the launch vehicle, utilizes powerful solid motors for rapid ejection. A successful test using a Test Vehicle in October 2023 validated this technology.

Relevant Background Facts:

What is the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)?
  • Establishment: Founded on 15 August 1969, evolving from INCOSPAR.
  • Headquarters: Bengaluru.
  • Founding Father: Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.
  • Key Milestones:
    • 1975: Launched Aryabhata, the first Indian satellite.
    • 1980: Developed the first indigenous launch vehicle, SLV-3.
    • 2008: Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission.
    • 2014: Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM).
    • 2017: Launched a record 104 satellites in a single mission.
    • Launch Vehicles: Developed PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3.
What is Gaganyaan?
  • Goal: India's first mission to send a crew to a Low-Earth Orbit (LEO).
  • Significance: A major technological achievement showcasing India's capabilities in manned spaceflight.
What is the Crew Escape System (CES)?
  • Function: A safety system to pull the crew module away from the launch vehicle during emergencies.
  • Mechanism: Uses high-burn solid rocket motors for rapid acceleration and parachutes for a safe splashdown.
  • Testing: The first successful test with a Test Vehicle occurred in October 2023.

4. Debate continues over Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act and Right to Information (RTI) Act interaction.

Elaboration: Debate persists regarding the DPDP Act, 2023, and its impact on the RTI Act, 2005. The core issue is Section 44 of the DPDP Act, which modified Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, allowing authorities to withhold "personal information" without the public interest test. Critics argue this weakens accountability, while supporters claim it balances privacy and transparency.

Background Story:

The RTI Act aimed to enhance transparency and combat corruption by giving citizens access to government information. Its Section 8(1)(j) allowed withholding personal information unless public interest demanded disclosure. The DPDP Act's amendment removed this public interest test for "personal information". This change has raised concerns among activists about potential government opacity and impacts on public interest litigation and journalism. The government argues this harmonizes privacy with information rights and notes that the public interest override in Section 8(2) of the RTI Act remains.

Relevant Background Facts:

What is the Right to Information Act, 2005 (RTI Act)?
  • Enactment: 12 October 2005.
  • Purpose: Empowers citizens to request information from public authorities to promote transparency and accountability.
  • Key Provisions:
    • Requires public authorities to respond to requests within a timeframe and imposes penalties for non-compliance.
    • Section 8 includes exemptions, such as national security and personal privacy.
    • Section 8(1)(j), before the 2023 amendment, exempted personal information unless there was a larger public interest.
What is the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act)?
  • Enactment: 11 August 2023.
  • Purpose: Regulates the processing of digital personal data to protect individual data rights.
  • Impact on RTI: Section 44 amended Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, altering the balance between privacy and transparency.
What is the Central Information Commission (CIC)?
  • Establishment: Constituted on 12 October 2005 under the RTI Act.
  • Role: Acts as the final appellate authority for RTI requests and oversees the Act's implementation by Central Public Authorities.
  • Composition: Led by a Chief Information Commissioner and up to ten Information Commissioners.